Which of the following is included in body language?

Body language encompasses non-verbal communication methods that convey messages without spoken words. This includes posture, facial expressions, and eye contact, which are critical aspects of how individuals express feelings and attitudes.

Posture can indicate confidence, openness, or defensiveness, while facial expressions often reveal emotions such as happiness, anger, or concern, making them central to the interaction. Eye contact demonstrates engagement and sincerity or can indicate discomfort or avoidance, impacting the dynamics of communication.

The other options represent different forms of communication. The volume of voice pertains to vocal elements, such as tone and intensity, rather than physical body language. Choice of words involves verbal communication, which is distinct from non-verbal cues. Written notes express ideas through text, lacking the immediacy and physical presence found in body language. Understanding body language is essential for effective communication, making the elements listed in the correct answer vital for interpreting and conveying messages in various contexts.