Expectancy theory was developed by which theorist?

Expectancy theory, which explores how individuals are motivated to act based on the expected outcomes of their actions, was developed by Victor H. Vroom. This theory posits that people are more likely to engage in behaviors or tasks when they believe that their efforts will lead to a desired result or reward. Vroom's model emphasizes the importance of three key components: expectancy (the belief that effort leads to performance), instrumentality (the belief that performance leads to an outcome), and valence (the value placed on the outcome).

These concepts help explain why individuals might choose to exert effort in certain situations based on their expectations about the relationship between effort, performance, and rewards. Vroom's contributions to motivational theory have been pivotal in understanding workplace dynamics and enhancing employee performance through strategic motivation linked to outcomes.